Allama Muhmmad Iqbal Words, without power, is mere philosophy.
Quaid-e-Azam Expect the best, Prepare for the worst...
Army chief talked to me before ISPR press release: Gilani Islamabad: (Thursday, January 12, 2012) Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani while quelling all rumours of an imminent army – government confrontation has revealed that Army Chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani talked to him on phone before issuance of a formal ISPR reaction to his statement. […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 8 Concentration Profile of Components Figure 11 below shows one of the concentration profiles of acetic acid (A), n-hexanol (B), n-hexyl acetate (C) and water (D). The concentration of acetic acid comes down rapidly from 1.5 Kmol/m3 to 0.1 Kmol/m3 in only 1 hour. […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 7 Results and Discussions: Effect of Acetic Acid Concentration Figure 8 shows data that is relevant to industrial conditions. There is a significant difference in conversion achieved between the control concentration (@ 99.8% concentration acetic acid) and the dilute system, 30% concentration. Most notable […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 6 Results and Discussions: Effect of Catalyst Loading The evolution of the ester was studied at three different catalyst loadings i.e. 1% (w/w), 2.5% (w/w) and 5% (w/w) using Purolite CT-124. It can be seen from Figure 6 that with increasing catalyst loading, speed […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 5 Experimental findings for the n-hexyl acetate synthesis are detailed in this section. The most striking feature of the resulting figures is the shape that they all share the same steep rise in conversion to a point whereby the equilibrium is observed, a plateau […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 4 Batch Kinetic Studies Figure 2 is the image of batch reactor apparatus used to conduct the n-hexyl acetate esterification reaction. The apparatus consisted of a jacketed five necked batch reactor A stirrer motor was connected to the batch reactor via middle neck to […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 3 EXPERIMENT Materials and Catalysts Acetic acid, n-hexanol and n-hexyl acetate were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich UK. Methanol, n-butanol and acetone were purchased from Fisher Scientific, U.K. These chemicals were used without any further purification. Cation exchange resins, Purolite CT-124, CT-151 and CT-175 were kindly […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 2 Introduction continued Blagov et al. (2006) explored the catalysed esterification with n-butanol observing the effect on conversion and selectivity of ester from various catalyst brands. Most notably, at higher catalyst loadings, particularly at 10-15%, they detected the formation of side-products (olefins and ethers). […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 1 The kinetics of heterogeneously catalysed esterification reaction of acetic acid and n-hexanol to synthesise n-hexyl acetate were undertaken in a jacketed stirred batch reactor in the presence of ion exchange resins in order to ascertain the optimal conditions required for high yield of […]
