Allama Muhmmad Iqbal Words, without power, is mere philosophy.
Quaid-e-Azam Expect the best, Prepare for the worst...
Chairman Board of Investments Saleem H Mandviwalla revealed in a statement that LinkedIn is planning to set up offices in major cities of Pakistan. The announcement came after the Board Chair’s detailed discussion with LinkedIn director Fredrick Berscl on the possible move. Mandviwalla was confident in announcing that the decision has been finalized and the […]
LinkedIn, the professional social media network, was up 6 percent in afternoon trading on Wednesday, chiefly due to the favourable ratings by investment bank Jefferies & Co. The stock traded a fraction above $114 after the investment bank raised its ratings on LNKD stock from hold to buy. The bank says the company is expected […]
Internet is an inexpensive way to interact with people and make contacts. Over the years, many companies have brought the tools to the masses to run their lives online and it has been effective. However, the current economic scenario has put hurdles in the way of new entrants. Moreover, sustaining a business is one big […]
Once rumoured to initiate the filing process in December, Facebook—the social network—is nowhere near the process to go public. The anticipated Initial Public Offering from the company is expected at the end of the second half of calendar year 2012. However, if Facebook needs to go public by the end of May or somewhere in […]
It took Groupon five months from filing to IPO, she notes, but in that case there were thorny accounting questions that the SEC required the company to work out. Zynga’s path took about the same, while LinkedIn made it to market in a brisk three and a half months after filing its S-1. Facebook’s financial […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 8 Concentration Profile of Components Figure 11 below shows one of the concentration profiles of acetic acid (A), n-hexanol (B), n-hexyl acetate (C) and water (D). The concentration of acetic acid comes down rapidly from 1.5 Kmol/m3 to 0.1 Kmol/m3 in only 1 hour. […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 7 Results and Discussions: Effect of Acetic Acid Concentration Figure 8 shows data that is relevant to industrial conditions. There is a significant difference in conversion achieved between the control concentration (@ 99.8% concentration acetic acid) and the dilute system, 30% concentration. Most notable […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 6 Results and Discussions: Effect of Catalyst Loading The evolution of the ester was studied at three different catalyst loadings i.e. 1% (w/w), 2.5% (w/w) and 5% (w/w) using Purolite CT-124. It can be seen from Figure 6 that with increasing catalyst loading, speed […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 5 Experimental findings for the n-hexyl acetate synthesis are detailed in this section. The most striking feature of the resulting figures is the shape that they all share the same steep rise in conversion to a point whereby the equilibrium is observed, a plateau […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 4 Batch Kinetic Studies Figure 2 is the image of batch reactor apparatus used to conduct the n-hexyl acetate esterification reaction. The apparatus consisted of a jacketed five necked batch reactor A stirrer motor was connected to the batch reactor via middle neck to […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 3 EXPERIMENT Materials and Catalysts Acetic acid, n-hexanol and n-hexyl acetate were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich UK. Methanol, n-butanol and acetone were purchased from Fisher Scientific, U.K. These chemicals were used without any further purification. Cation exchange resins, Purolite CT-124, CT-151 and CT-175 were kindly […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 2 Introduction continued Blagov et al. (2006) explored the catalysed esterification with n-butanol observing the effect on conversion and selectivity of ester from various catalyst brands. Most notably, at higher catalyst loadings, particularly at 10-15%, they detected the formation of side-products (olefins and ethers). […]
