Allama Muhmmad Iqbal Words, without power, is mere philosophy.
Quaid-e-Azam Expect the best, Prepare for the worst...
Personal computing started to find its footing in the technology world in early 80s. Though it came to Asia later in that decade, much late in South Asian countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh, it spread like fire in the jungle in the streets. However, almost every person in the contemporary world has been affected by […]
The concept of emails gave birth to text chatting, which instigated the concept of audio chatting which was closely followed by video communications. However, that was last century. The new world has new concepts of social networking that simply seems to be irresistible to the human kind, after all human being is a social animal. […]
However, the rest of the world, especially the West, is caught in thick of it. The recent survey conducted on a sample space of 35 people from the age of 14 to 21 was made subject to eight questions. This oral investigation was followed by their brain scans that revealed a lot to the researchers. […]
The chances of the existence of paper are getting paper-slim. The invention, whose origins can be found in the early 8th century Chinese culture, has been tipped at the brink of extinction from existence for the last three to four decades. The main reason, technological innovations and inventions of the modern era. It was the […]
Why make the prediction of a long death of paper? The reason is that it has infiltrated our lives so deeply that replacing a paper stack with a hard drive and words with 101011 bits and bytes will be a lengthy procedure. The use of paper is not limited to just reading and writing, though […]
Currency, the instrument we all use in purchasing or selling anything, is another object that will be hard to subdue. Financial services companies like American Express and MasterCard have been investing every ounce of their energy to replace the conventional paper currency with plastic ones, and Google has joined the club with its electronic currency […]
However, smartphones are taking care of this problem. Though the process is a little bit finicky to handle but it does the trick; transfer the file or app from the tablet to smartphone, and it will take it from there. No matter what convenience all these technology gismos provide us, paper has taken care of […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 8 Concentration Profile of Components Figure 11 below shows one of the concentration profiles of acetic acid (A), n-hexanol (B), n-hexyl acetate (C) and water (D). The concentration of acetic acid comes down rapidly from 1.5 Kmol/m3 to 0.1 Kmol/m3 in only 1 hour. […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 7 Results and Discussions: Effect of Acetic Acid Concentration Figure 8 shows data that is relevant to industrial conditions. There is a significant difference in conversion achieved between the control concentration (@ 99.8% concentration acetic acid) and the dilute system, 30% concentration. Most notable […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 6 Results and Discussions: Effect of Catalyst Loading The evolution of the ester was studied at three different catalyst loadings i.e. 1% (w/w), 2.5% (w/w) and 5% (w/w) using Purolite CT-124. It can be seen from Figure 6 that with increasing catalyst loading, speed […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 5 Experimental findings for the n-hexyl acetate synthesis are detailed in this section. The most striking feature of the resulting figures is the shape that they all share the same steep rise in conversion to a point whereby the equilibrium is observed, a plateau […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 4 Batch Kinetic Studies Figure 2 is the image of batch reactor apparatus used to conduct the n-hexyl acetate esterification reaction. The apparatus consisted of a jacketed five necked batch reactor A stirrer motor was connected to the batch reactor via middle neck to […]
