Allama Muhmmad Iqbal Words, without power, is mere philosophy.
Quaid-e-Azam Expect the best, Prepare for the worst...
Protein Supplement production in industrial sector – Part 5 The continuous injector flash cooler is illustrated in Fig.4 and consists of a steam injector which directly injects steam into the non-sterile medium. The holding section is to maintain the medium at a required temperature and then the hot medium is passed through a flash cooler […]
Protein Supplement production in industrial sector – Part 4 Steriliser Options The purpose of a sterile process is to ensure the integrity of the product of the process. As the process involves the growth of a micro-organism for the consumption of humans the degree of sterilisation is of great importance. This is then achieved by […]
Production of Protein Supplement Part 1 – Pakistan Industrial sector case study Summary The aim of the project was to design a process plant for the production of protein supplements. The basis for the production capacity is 2,500 tonnes per year. The method of the production is to be via biosynthesis. The supplements are to […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 8 Concentration Profile of Components Figure 11 below shows one of the concentration profiles of acetic acid (A), n-hexanol (B), n-hexyl acetate (C) and water (D). The concentration of acetic acid comes down rapidly from 1.5 Kmol/m3 to 0.1 Kmol/m3 in only 1 hour. […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 7 Results and Discussions: Effect of Acetic Acid Concentration Figure 8 shows data that is relevant to industrial conditions. There is a significant difference in conversion achieved between the control concentration (@ 99.8% concentration acetic acid) and the dilute system, 30% concentration. Most notable […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 6 Results and Discussions: Effect of Catalyst Loading The evolution of the ester was studied at three different catalyst loadings i.e. 1% (w/w), 2.5% (w/w) and 5% (w/w) using Purolite CT-124. It can be seen from Figure 6 that with increasing catalyst loading, speed […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 5 Experimental findings for the n-hexyl acetate synthesis are detailed in this section. The most striking feature of the resulting figures is the shape that they all share the same steep rise in conversion to a point whereby the equilibrium is observed, a plateau […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 4 Batch Kinetic Studies Figure 2 is the image of batch reactor apparatus used to conduct the n-hexyl acetate esterification reaction. The apparatus consisted of a jacketed five necked batch reactor A stirrer motor was connected to the batch reactor via middle neck to […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 3 EXPERIMENT Materials and Catalysts Acetic acid, n-hexanol and n-hexyl acetate were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich UK. Methanol, n-butanol and acetone were purchased from Fisher Scientific, U.K. These chemicals were used without any further purification. Cation exchange resins, Purolite CT-124, CT-151 and CT-175 were kindly […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 2 Introduction continued Blagov et al. (2006) explored the catalysed esterification with n-butanol observing the effect on conversion and selectivity of ester from various catalyst brands. Most notably, at higher catalyst loadings, particularly at 10-15%, they detected the formation of side-products (olefins and ethers). […]
Optimisation of Heterogeneous Catalysed Esterification Reaction for n-Hexyl Acetate Synthesis part 1 The kinetics of heterogeneously catalysed esterification reaction of acetic acid and n-hexanol to synthesise n-hexyl acetate were undertaken in a jacketed stirred batch reactor in the presence of ion exchange resins in order to ascertain the optimal conditions required for high yield of […]
A recent study suggests that egocentric and egoistic personalities play an important role in the successful of businesses. The study, conducted by professors at Pennsylvania State University’s IMD Business School and Erlangen-Nuremberg University, stated that narcissist people have more confidence as compared to risk-avoiders. “We have uncovered the bright side of narcissism. It can serve […]
